Ngā Pūrongo Ahumahi: Te Hanga Wafer Iti Rawa o te Ao

Ko ngā kaihanga wafer iti rawa he pūnaha hanga haurua-haurua auaha e whakamahi ana i ngā wafer 0.5-inihi, e whakaiti ana i te tauine whakaputa me te haumitanga whakapaipai ki te whakataurite ki ngā wafer 12-inihi tuku iho. Ko te haumitanga whakapaipai mō tēnei taputapu hanga he tata ki te 500 miriona yen (tata ki te 23.8 miriona RMB), e āhei ai ngā SME me ngā pakihi hou ki te tīmata i te hanga haurua-haurua me te haumitanga iti iho.

Ko ngā takenga mai o te hangarau hanga wafer iti rawa ka taea te whai i tētahi kaupapa rangahau i tīmatahia e te National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) i Hapani i te tau 2008. Ko te whāinga o tēnei kaupapa he waihanga i tētahi au hou i roto i te hanga semiconductor mā te whakatutuki i te hanga maha-momo, iti-rōpū. Ko te kaupapa, i arahina e te Manatū Ōhanga, Tauhokohoko me te Ahumahi o Hapani, i uru ki te mahi tahi i waenga i te 140 kamupene me ngā whakahaere Hapani ki te whakawhanake i tētahi whakatupuranga hou o ngā pūnaha hanga, me te whāinga ki te whakaiti nui i ngā utu me ngā arai hangarau, e āhei ai ngā kaihanga motuka me ngā taputapu kāinga ki te whakaputa i ngā semiconductor me ngā pūoko e hiahiatia ana e rātou.

**Ngā Painga o te Hangarau Hanga Wafer Minimum:**

1. **Te Whakaiti Nui o te Pūtea Whakangao:** Ko ngā hanga wafer nui tuku iho e hiahia ana kia neke atu i te rau piriona yen ngā haumitanga whakapaipai, ko te haumitanga whāinga mō ngā hanga wafer iti rawa he 1/100 ki te 1/1000 noa iho o taua moni. Nā te mea he iti ia taputapu, kāore he take mō ngā wāhi wheketere nui, ngā whakaahua rānei mō te hanganga ara iahiko, ka tino whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere.

2. **Ngā Tauira Whakaputa Ngāwari, Kanorau hoki:** Ka arotahi ngā kamupene hanga wafer iti ki te hanga i ngā momo hua iti-papa. Mā tēnei tauira whakaputa ka taea e ngā SME me ngā pakihi hou te whakarite me te whakaputa tere kia rite ki ā rātou hiahia, me te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete mō ngā hua haurua-ā-ira kua whakaritea, kanorau hoki.

3. **Ngā Tukanga Whakaputa Māmā:** He rite te āhua me te rahi o ngā taputapu hanga i roto i ngā whare hanga wafer iti rawa mō ngā tukanga katoa, ā, he whānui ngā ipu kawe wafer (ngā pahi) mō ia taahiraa. Nā te mea kei roto i te taiao ma te mahi a ngā taputapu me ngā pahi, kāore he take ki te pupuri i ngā rūma ma nui. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei hoahoa ngā utu hanga me te uauatanga mā te hangarau ma ā-rohe me ngā tukanga whakaputa māmā.

4. **Te Whakamahinga Hiko Iti me te Whakamahinga Hiko o te Whare:** He iti hoki te whakamahinga hiko o ngā taputapu hanga i roto i ngā whare hanga wafer iti rawa, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te hiko AC100V paerewa o te whare. Mā tēnei āhuatanga ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei taputapu i roto i ngā taiao i waho o ngā rūma ma, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga hiko me ngā utu whakahaere.

5. **Ngā Huringa Hanga Poto:** Ko te hanga i ngā haurua-ā-ira nui he roa te wā tatari mai i te ota ki te tuku, engari ko ngā papanga wafer iti rawa ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakaputanga i te wā tika o te nui o ngā haurua-ā-ira e hiahiatia ana i roto i te wā e hiahiatia ana. Ka kitea nuitia tēnei painga i roto i ngā mara pēnei i te Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT), e hiahia ana ki ngā hua haurua-ā-ira iti, he nui te ranunga.

**Whakaaturanga me te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau:**

I te whakaaturanga "CEATEC 2024", i whakaatuhia e te Minimum Wafer Fab Promotion Organization te tukanga tuhi whakaahua mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hanga haurua iti rawa. I te wā o te whakaaturanga, e toru ngā mīhini i whakaritea hei whakaatu i te tukanga tuhi whakaahua, tae atu ki te paninga ātete, te whakaaturanga, me te whanaketanga. I puritia te ipu kawe wafer (waka) ki te ringa, i whakanohoia ki roto i te taputapu, ā, i whakahohehia mā te pēhi i te pātene. I muri i te otinga, ka tangohia te waka ka whakatakotoria ki te taputapu e whai ake nei. I whakaaturia te āhua o roto me te ahunga whakamua o ia taputapu ki runga i ō rātou mata tirotiro.

I te otinga o ēnei tukanga e toru, ka tirohia te wafer i raro i te karuārai, ā, ka kitea he tauira me ngā kupu "Happy Halloween" me te whakaahua paukena. Kāore i te whakaatu noa i te whaihua o te hangarau hanga wafer iti rawa tēnei whakaaturanga, engari i whakanuia anō hoki tōna ngāwari me tōna tino tika.

Hei tāpiritanga, kua tīmata ētahi kamupene ki te whakamātau i te hangarau hanga wafer iti rawa. Hei tauira, kua whakarewahia e Yokogawa Solutions, he apiti o Yokogawa Electric Corporation, ngā mīhini hanga ngāwari, ātaahua hoki, tata ki te rahi o tētahi mīhini hoko inu, ia mīhini he mahi horoi, whakamahana, me te whakaatu. Ka hangaia e ēnei mīhini he raina whakaputa hanga haurua-haurua, ā, ko te rahi iti rawa e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi raina whakaputa "mini wafer fab" he rite noa ki te rahi o ngā kooti tēnehi e rua, 1% noa iho o te rahi o tētahi whare hanga wafer 12-inihi.

Heoi, kei te uaua ngā hanga wafer iti rawa ki te whakataetae ki ngā wheketere haurua-ira nui i tēnei wā. Ko ngā hoahoa ara iahiko tino-pai, inā koa i roto i ngā hangarau tukanga matatau (pēnei i te 7nm me raro iho), kei te whakawhirinaki tonu ki ngā taputapu matatau me ngā āheinga hanga nui. Ko ngā tukanga wafer 0.5-inihi o ngā hanga wafer iti rawa he pai ake mō te hanga i ngā taputapu ngāwari noa, pērā i ngā pūoko me ngā MEMS.

Ko ngā papanga wafer iti rawa he tauira hou tino whai hua mō te hanga i ngā haurua-haurua. Nā te iti o te whakawhāititanga, te iti o te utu, me te ngāwari, e tumanakohia ana ka whakaratohia he whai wāhitanga mākete hou mō ngā SME me ngā kamupene auaha. Ko ngā painga o ngā papanga wafer iti rawa e tino kitea ana i roto i ngā wāhanga tono motuhake pēnei i te IoT, ngā pūoko, me ngā MEMS.

I te heke mai, i te pakeketanga o te hangarau, me te whakatairanga tonu, ka noho pea ngā hanga wafer iti hei kaha nui i roto i te umanga hanga semiconductor. Ehara i te mea ka whakaratohia e rātou he whai wāhitanga ki ngā pakihi iti ki te uru atu ki tēnei mara, engari ka taea hoki e rātou te akiaki i ngā huringa o te hanganga utu me ngā tauira whakaputa o te umanga katoa. Ko te whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga me nui ake ngā mahi i roto i te hangarau, te whakawhanaketanga taranata, me te hanga rauropi.

I te wā roa, ko te angitu o te whakatairanga i ngā papanga wafer iti rawa ka pā nui ki te umanga haurua-ā-ira katoa, inā koa i roto i te whānuitanga o te mekameka tuku, te ngāwari o ngā tukanga hanga, me te whakahaere utu. Mā te whakamahinga whānui o tēnei hangarau ka āwhina i te akiaki i te auahatanga me te ahunga whakamua i roto i te umanga haurua-ā-ira o te ao.