Ngā Pūrongo Ahumahi: Ka piki ake te hiahia mō ngā papa silicon i te GPU

Ko te silicon te tuarua o ngā rauemi e tino kitea ana i runga i te Ao, whai muri i te hāora, me te tuawhitu o ngā rauemi e tino kitea ana i roto i te ao whānui. He haurua-whakawhiti te silicon, arā, he āhuatanga hiko kei waenganui i ngā kaiārahi (pērā i te parahi) me ngā ārai (pērā i te karāhe). Ka taea e te iti o ngā ngota ke i roto i te hanganga silicon te whakarerekē i tōna whanonga, nō reira me tino teitei te parakore o te silicon taumata-haurua-whakawhiti. Ko te parakore iti rawa e whakaaetia ana mō te silicon taumata-hiko ko te 99.999999%.

Ko te tikanga o tēnei, kotahi anake te ngota kore-silicon e whakaaetia ana mō ia tekau piriona ngota. E 40 miriona ngā ngota kore-wai e taea te inu i roto i te wai inu pai, arā, he 50 miriona ngā wā iti iho te parakore i te silicon kounga-haurua.

Me huri e ngā kaihanga papa silicon kau he silicon parakore-teitei hei hanganga tioata kotahi tino pai. Mā te whakauru i tētahi tioata whaea kotahi ki roto i te silicon rewa i te pāmahana e tika ana ka mahia tēnei. I te tīmatanga o te tipu haere o ngā tioata hou huri noa i te tioata whaea, ka āta hangaia te pito silicon mai i te silicon rewa. He puhoi te tukanga, ā, ka roa pea te wiki. Tata ki te 100 kirokaramu te taumaha o te pito silicon kua oti, ā, ka taea te hanga neke atu i te 3,000 ngā pito.

Ka tapahia ngā papa angiangi mā te whakamahi i te waea taimana tino angiangi. He tino tika te mahi a ngā taputapu tapahi silicon, ā, me aroturuki tonu ngā kaimahi, ki te kore ka tīmata rātou ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ki te mahi i ngā mea wairangi ki ō rātou makawe. He tino māmā rawa te whakataki poto ki te hanga papa silicon, ā, kāore e tino mihi ki ngā takoha a ngā tohunga mohio; engari e tumanakohia ana ka whakaratohia he papamuri mō te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te pakihi papa silicon.

Te whanaungatanga tuku me te tono o ngā papa silicon

E whā ngā kamupene e whakahaere ana i te mākete anga silicon. Mō te wā roa, kei roto te mākete i te taurite ngoikore i waenga i te tuku me te tono.
Nā te hekenga o ngā hoko o ngā mīhini hiko haurua-waenga i te tau 2023 kua nui rawa te tuku o te mākete, ā, kua nui rawa ngā taonga o roto, o waho hoki o ngā kaihanga maramara. Heoi, he āhuatanga rangitahi noa iho tēnei. I te whakaoranga o te mākete, ka hoki wawe te umanga ki te taha o te kaha, ā, me whakatutuki i te tono tāpiri i puta mai i te hurihanga AI. Ka pā te whakawhiti mai i te hoahoanga tuku iho e hangai ana ki te CPU ki te rorohiko tere ki te umanga katoa, nā te mea Heoi, tera pea ka pā tēnei ki ngā wāhanga iti te uara o te umanga hiko haurua-waenga.

Ko ngā hoahoanga o te Wāhanga Tukatuka Whakairoiro (GPU) e hiahia ana kia nui ake te horahanga silicon

I te pikinga ake o te tono mō te mahi, me wikitoria e ngā kaihanga GPU ētahi herenga hoahoa kia eke ki te mahi teitei ake mai i ngā GPU. He mārama, ko te whakanui ake i te maramara tētahi huarahi hei whakatutuki i te mahi teitei ake, nā te mea kāore ngā irahiko e pai ki te haere tawhiti i waenga i ngā maramara rerekē, ka whakawhāiti i te mahi. Heoi, he herenga mahi kei reira hei whakanui ake i te maramara, e mōhiotia ana ko te "reti retina".

Ko te rohenga whakapūtātanga e pā ana ki te rahi mōrahi o tētahi maramara ka taea te whakaatu i roto i te taahiraa kotahi i roto i tētahi mīhini whakapūtātanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga haurua-ira. Ka whakatauhia tēnei rohenga e te rahi mōrahi o te papa aukume o ngā taputapu whakapūtātanga, inā koa te stepper, te matawai rānei e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga whakapūtātanga. Mō ngā hangarau hou, ko te rohenga kopare he tata ki te 858 mirimita tapawha. He mea tino nui tēnei rohenga rahi nā te mea ka whakatau i te horahanga mōrahi ka taea te tauira ki runga i te wafer i roto i te whakaaturanga kotahi. Mena he nui ake te wafer i tēnei rohenga, ka hiahiatia he whakaaturanga maha hei tauira katoa i te wafer, he mea kāore e whai hua mō te hanga papatipu nā te uaua me ngā wero whakahāngai. Ka wikitoria te GB200 hou i tēnei rohenga mā te whakakotahi i ngā papa maramara e rua me ngā rohenga rahi matūriki ki roto i tētahi paparanga silicon, ka hanga he papa super-matūriki-herea e rua te rahi. Ko ētahi atu rohenga mahi ko te nui o te mahara me te tawhiti ki taua mahara (arā, te whānui o te mahara). Ka wikitoria ngā hoahoa GPU hou i tēnei raruraru mā te whakamahi i te mahara whānui-teitei kua whakapūtātia (HBM) kua tāutahia ki runga i te paparanga silicon kotahi me ngā maramara GPU e rua. Mai i te tirohanga silicon, ko te raruraru o te HBM ko ia moka o te horahanga silicon e rua te nui atu i te DRAM tuku iho nā te mea he atanga whakarara teitei e hiahiatia ana mō te whānui o te whānui. Ka whakauruhia hoki e te HBM he maramara whakahaere arorau ki roto i ia puranga, ka whakanui ake i te horahanga silicon. E whakaatu ana te tataunga whānui ko te horahanga silicon e whakamahia ana i roto i te hoahoanga GPU 2.5D he 2.5 ki te 3 ngā wā i te hoahoanga 2.0D tuku iho. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ki te kore ngā kamupene whakarewa e rite mō tēnei huringa, ka tino iti anō te kaha o te wafer silicon.

Te kaha o te mākete anga silicon ā muri ake nei

Ko te ture tuatahi o ngā ture e toru mō te hanga i ngā haurua-haurua ko te mea me whakangao te nuinga o te moni ina iti rawa te moni e wātea ana. Nā te āhua hurihuri o te umanga tēnei, ā, he uaua ki ngā kamupene haurua-haurua te whai i tēnei ture. E ai ki te pikitia, kua mōhio te nuinga o ngā kaihanga papa silicon ki te pānga o tēnei huringa, ā, kua tata toru te pikinga o ā rātou whakapaunga whakapaipai ā-hauwhā katoa i ngā hauwhā kua hipa. Ahakoa te uaua o ngā āhuatanga mākete, kei te pērā tonu. Ko te mea whakamere ake ko te roa o te wā e mau tonu ana tēnei ia. He waimarie ngā kamupene papa silicon, he mōhio rānei ki tētahi mea kāore i te mōhiotia e ētahi atu. He mīhini wā te mekameka tuku haurua-haurua e taea ai te matapae i te heke mai. Ko tō heke mai pea ko te hītori o tētahi atu. Ahakoa kāore tātou e whiwhi whakautu i ngā wā katoa, tata tonu ka whiwhi tātou i ngā pātai whai hua.