Kua whanake te takai hiko-haurua mai i ngā hoahoa PCB 1D tuku iho ki te hononga ranu 3D hou i te taumata wafer. Mā tēnei whanaketanga ka taea te hono i te tawhiti i roto i te awhe micron mati-kotahi, me ngā whānuitanga tae atu ki te 1000 GB/s, me te pupuri tonu i te pai o te pūngao. Kei te ngako o ngā hangarau takai hiko-haurua matatau ko te takai 2.5D (kei reira ngā wāhanga e whakanohoia ana ki te taha o te taha i runga i te paparanga takawaenga) me te takai 3D (e uru ana ki te whakarārangi poutū i ngā maramara hohe). He mea nui ēnei hangarau mō te heke mai o ngā pūnaha HPC.
Ko te hangarau tākai 2.5D e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi paparanga takawaenga maha, he painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia mea. Ko ngā paparanga takawaenga silicon (Si), tae atu ki ngā papa silicon korekore me ngā piriti silicon ā-rohe, e mōhiotia ana mō te whakarato i ngā āheinga waea pai rawa atu, e pai ai mō te rorohiko mahi-teitei. Heoi, he utu nui ēnei mō ngā rauemi me te hanga, ā, he iti hoki ngā rohe tākai. Hei whakaiti i ēnei take, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā piriti silicon ā-rohe, me te whakamahi rautaki i te silicon ki te wāhi e tino nui ana te mahi pai me te aro atu ki ngā herenga rohe.
Ko ngā paparanga takawaenga waro, e whakamahi ana i ngā kirihou whakarewa kua whakapūpūhia, he huarahi pai ake i te silicon. He iti ake te pūmau dielectric o ēnei paparanga, e whakaiti ana i te whakaroa RC i roto i te kete. Ahakoa ēnei painga, he uaua ki ngā paparanga takawaenga waro te whakatutuki i te taumata whakaiti āhuatanga hononga rite tonu ki te takai e hangai ana ki te silicon, e whakawhāiti ana i tā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā tono rorohiko mahi teitei.
Kua nui te aro ki ngā paparanga takawaenga karāhe, inā koa whai muri i te whakarewatanga o ngā takai waka whakamātautau karāhe a Intel. He maha ngā painga o te karāhe, pērā i te tauwehenga whakarerekētanga o te whakawhānui wera (CTE), te pumau teitei o ngā āhuatanga, ngā mata maeneene me te papatahi, me te kaha ki te tautoko i te hanga papa, e pai ai te whakamahi mō ngā paparanga takawaenga me ngā āheinga waea e rite ana ki te silicon. Heoi, i tua atu i ngā wero hangarau, ko te ngoikoretanga matua o ngā paparanga takawaenga karāhe ko te pūnaha rauropi kāore anō kia pakari me te kore o te kaha whakaputa nui. I te pakeketanga o te pūnaha rauropi me te whakapai ake i ngā āheinga whakaputa, tera pea ka tipu haere tonu ngā hangarau karāhe i roto i ngā takai haurua-ira.
Mō te hangarau tākai 3D, kei te huri te hononga ranu Cu-Cu kore-pupuhi hei hangarau auaha matua. Mā tēnei tikanga matatau ka tutuki ngā hononga pumau mā te whakakotahi i ngā rauemi dielectric (pēnei i te SiO2) me ngā konganuku kua whakauruhia (Cu). Ka taea e te hononga ranu Cu-Cu te whakatutuki i ngā mokowā i raro i te 10 microns, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te awhe micron mati kotahi, he whakapainga nui atu i te hangarau pupū moroiti tuku iho, he mokowā pupuhi tata ki te 40-50 microns. Ko ngā painga o te hononga ranu ko te whakanui ake i te I/O, te whakanui ake i te whānui o te hononga, te whakapai ake i te whakarārangi poutū 3D, te pai ake o te whai huatanga o te mana, me te whakaiti i ngā pānga pirinoa me te ātete wera nā te kore o te whakakī raro. Heoi, he uaua te hanga i tēnei hangarau, ā, he nui ake ngā utu.
Kei roto i ngā hangarau tākai 2.5D me te 3D ngā momo tikanga tākai. I roto i te tākai 2.5D, i runga i te whiriwhiringa o ngā rauemi paparanga takawaenga, ka taea te whakarōpū ki ngā paparanga takawaenga e ahu mai ana i te silicon, e ahu mai ana i te organic, me te karāhe, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia i runga ake nei. I roto i te tākai 3D, ko te whanaketanga o te hangarau micro-bump e whai ana ki te whakaiti i ngā āhua mokowā, engari i ēnei rā, mā te whakamahi i te hangarau hononga ranu (he tikanga hononga Cu-Cu tika), ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā āhua mokowā mati kotahi, e tohu ana i te ahunga whakamua nui i roto i te mara.
**Ngā Auahatanga Hangarau Matua hei Mātaki:**
1. **Ngā Wāhi Paparanga Takawaenga Nui Ake:** I matapaetia i mua e IDTechEx nā te uaua o ngā paparanga takawaenga silicon e neke ake ana i te rohe rahi reticle 3x, ka whakakapia wawetia e ngā otinga piriti silicon 2.5D ngā paparanga takawaenga silicon hei whiringa matua mō te takai maramara HPC. Ko TSMC te kaiwhakarato nui o ngā paparanga takawaenga silicon 2.5D mō NVIDIA me ētahi atu kaiwhakawhanake HPC matua pērā i a Google me Amazon, ā, i panuitia tata nei e te kamupene te hanga papatipu o tana CoWoS_L whakatupuranga tuatahi me te rahi reticle 3.5x. E matapaetia ana e IDTechEx ka haere tonu tēnei ia, me ngā whanaketanga anō e matapakihia ana i roto i tana pūrongo e kapi ana i ngā kaitākaro matua.
2. **Te Tākai Taumata-Panel:** Kua waiho te tākai taumata-panel hei kaupapa nui, e ai ki te whakaaturanga i te Whakaaturanga Ārai Matū o Taiwan 2024. Mā tēnei tikanga tākai ka taea te whakamahi i ngā paparanga takawaenga nui ake, ā, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā utu mā te whakaputa i ngā tākai maha atu i te wā kotahi. Ahakoa tōna pūmanawa, me aro tonu ki ngā wero pēnei i te whakahaere i ngā paparanga whakarara. Ko tōna rongonui haere e whakaatu ana i te piki haere o te hiahia mō ngā paparanga takawaenga nui ake, he iti ake te utu.
3. **Ngā Paparanga Takawaenga Karāhe:** Kei te puta ake te karāhe hei rauemi kaha mō te whakatutuki i ngā waea pai, he rite ki te silicon, me ētahi atu painga pēnei i te CTE whakarerekē me te pono teitei ake. Ka hototahi hoki ngā paparanga takawaenga karāhe ki ngā takai taumata-panel, e tuku ana i te kaha mō ngā waea matotoru i ngā utu ngāwari ake, ka waiho hei otinga whai hua mō ngā hangarau takai a meake nei.
4. **Hononga Ranu HBM:** Ko te hononga ranu parahi-parahi (Cu-Cu) 3D he hangarau matua mō te whakatutuki i ngā hononga poutū tino pai i waenga i ngā maramara. Kua whakamahia tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā hua tūmau teitei, tae atu ki te AMD EPYC mō ngā SRAM me ngā CPU kua whakarārangihia, me te raupapa MI300 mō te whakarārangi i ngā poraka CPU/GPU ki runga i ngā mate I/O. E matapaetia ana ka whai wāhi nui te hononga ranu i roto i ngā whanaketanga HBM a meake nei, inā koa mō ngā puranga DRAM neke atu i te 16-Hi, 20-Hi rānei.
5. **Ngā Pūrere Whatu Whakakotahi-Tapeke (CPO):** Nā te pikinga o te hiahia mō te nui ake o te tuku raraunga me te whai huatanga o te mana, kua nui te aro ki te hangarau hononga whatu. Kei te noho hei otinga matua ngā pūrere whatu whakakotahi-tapeke (CPO) hei whakarei ake i te whānui o te I/O me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao. Ki te whakatauritea ki te tuku hiko tuku iho, he maha ngā painga o te whakawhitiwhiti whatu, tae atu ki te iti o te whakaiti tohu i ngā tawhiti roa, te iti o te aro ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te nui haere o te whānui o te hononga. Nā ēnei painga ka waiho te CPO hei whiringa pai mō ngā pūnaha HPC nui-raraunga, whai hua-pūngao.
**Ngā Mākete Matua hei Mātaki:**
Ko te mākete matua e akiaki ana i te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau tākai 2.5D me te 3D ko te rāngai rorohiko mahi-teitei (HPC). He mea nui ēnei tikanga tākai matatau hei wikitoria i ngā herenga o te Ture a Moore, e āhei ai te maha atu o ngā transistors, te mahara, me ngā hononga i roto i te kete kotahi. Mā te wehewehenga o ngā maramara ka taea hoki te whakamahi pai i ngā pona tukanga i waenga i ngā poraka mahi rerekē, pērā i te wehewehe i ngā poraka I/O mai i ngā poraka tukatuka, e whakarei ake ai i te whai huatanga.
Haunga te rorohiko mahi-teitei (HPC), e matapaetia ana hoki ka tutuki i ētahi atu mākete te tipu mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau tākai matatau. I roto i ngā rāngai 5G me te 6G, ka hangaia e ngā auahatanga pēnei i ngā pūihi tākai me ngā otinga maramara hou te heke mai o ngā hoahoa whatunga urunga ahokore (RAN). Ka whai hua anō hoki ngā waka aunoa, nā te mea ka tautokohia e ēnei hangarau te whakaurunga o ngā huinga pūoko me ngā waeine rorohiko hei tukatuka i ngā raraunga nui me te whakarite i te haumaru, te pono, te kiato, te whakahaere hiko me te wera, me te whai hua o te utu.
Kei te aro nui haere ngā taputapu hiko kaihoko (tae atu ki ngā waea atamai, ngā mataaratanga atamai, ngā taputapu AR/VR, ngā PC, me ngā teihana mahi) ki te tukatuka i ngā raraunga i roto i ngā wāhi iti ake, ahakoa te aro nui ki te utu. Ka whai wāhi nui te takai haurua-ā-ira matatau ki tēnei ia, ahakoa he rerekē pea ngā tikanga takai i ērā e whakamahia ana i roto i te HPC.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-07-2024