Nā te taenga mai o tēnei maramara i whakarerekē te huarahi whanaketanga o te maramara!
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, ko ngā tukatuka 8-moka tonu te hangarau matatau rawa atu i taua wā, ā, i te ngoikore ngā tukanga CMOS i roto i te ao hikoi waenga. I hikoi maia ngā kaihangarau i AT&T Bell Labs ki te heke mai, me te whakakotahi i ngā tukanga hanga CMOS 3.5-micron matatau me ngā hoahoa tukatuka 32-moka auaha i roto i te ngana ki te eke ki runga ake i ngā kaiwhakataetae i roto i te mahi maramara, me te eke ki runga ake i a IBM me Intel.
Ahakoa i kore te mahi a tā rātou mahi hou, te tukatuka iti Bellmac-32, i eke ki te angitu arumoni o ngā hua o mua pērā i te Intel 4004 (i tukuna i te tau 1971), he nui te awe o tēnei mahi. I ēnei rā, ko ngā maramara i roto i te nuinga o ngā waea atamai, pona, me ngā papahiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mātāpono o te semiconductor whakarewa-waikura (CMOS) i tīmatahia e te Bellmac-32.
Kua tata te tekau tau atu i 1980, ā, i ngana a AT&T ki te whakarerekē i a ia anō. Mō ngā tekau tau, ko te kamupene whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nui, ko "Mother Bell" te īngoa, te rangatira o te pakihi whakawhitiwhiti reo i te United States, ā, ko tana apiti, ko Western Electric, i hanga tata katoa ngā waea noa i ngā kāinga me ngā tari o Amerika. I akiaki te kāwanatanga ā-motu o Amerika kia pakaru te pakihi a AT&T i runga i ngā take whakahē i te whakawhirinakitanga, engari i kite a AT&T i tētahi whai wāhitanga ki te uru atu ki te ao rorohiko.
Nā te mea kua roa kē te tūnga o ngā kamupene rorohiko i te mākete, i uaua ki a AT&T te hopu i a rātou; ko tā rātou rautaki he pekepeke, ā, ko te Bellmac-32 te tūāpapa mō rātou.
Kua whakawhiwhia te whānau maramara Bellmac-32 ki te Tohu Tohu IEEE. Ka tū ngā hui hura i tēnei tau ki te puni o Nokia Bell Labs i Murray Hill, New Jersey, me te Whare Taonga Hītori Rorohiko i Mountain View, California.
MARAMARA AHUREI
Engari i te whai i te paerewa ahumahi o ngā maramara 8-moka, i werohia e ngā kaiwhakahaere o AT&T ngā kaihangarau o Bell Labs kia whakawhanake i tētahi hua hou: ko te tukatuka arumoni tuatahi ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā moka 32 o ngā raraunga i roto i te huringa karaka kotahi. Ehara i te mea ko tētahi maramara hou anake te mea i hiahiatia engari ko tētahi hoahoa hou anō hoki—he mea ka taea te whakahaere i te whakawhiti whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mahi hei pou tuara mō ngā pūnaha rorohiko o muri mai.
"Ehara i te mea ko te hanga maramara tere ake anake tā mātou e hanga ana," te kī a Michael Condry, te kaiārahi o te rōpū hoahoa i te whare o Bell Labs i Holmdel, New Jersey. "Kei te ngana mātou ki te hoahoa i tētahi maramara ka taea te tautoko i te reo me te rorohiko."
I taua wā, i kitea te hangarau CMOS hei huarahi whai hua engari he morearea ki ngā hoahoa NMOS me PMOS. I whakawhirinaki katoa ngā maramara NMOS ki ngā transistors momo-N, he tere engari he hiahia nui ki te hiko, ko ngā maramara PMOS ia i whakawhirinaki ki te nekehanga o ngā kōhao utu pai, he puhoi rawa. I whakamahia e te CMOS he hoahoa ranu i whakanui ake i te tere me te penapena hiko. He tino whakamīharo ngā painga o te CMOS, ā, i tere te mohio o te umanga ahakoa e hiahiatia ana kia rua ngā transistors (NMOS me PMOS mō ia kuaha), he pai tonu.
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te hangarau haurua-ira i whakaahuatia e te Ture a Moore, ka taea te whakahaere i te utu o te whakaneke rua i te kiato transistor, ā, i te mutunga ka iti noa iho. Heoi, i te tīmatanga o Bell Labs ki tēnei petipeti mōrearea nui, kāore anō kia whakamātauhia te hangarau hanga CMOS nui, ā, he tino teitei te utu.
Kāore tēnei i whakamataku i a Bell Labs. I whakamahia e te kamupene ngā pūkenga o ōna puni i Holmdel, Murray Hill, me Naperville, Illinois, ā, i hangaia he "rōpū moemoeā" o ngā kaihangarau haurua-ira. I roto i te rōpū ko Condrey, ko Steve Conn, he whetu e ara ake ana i roto i te hoahoa maramara, ko Victor Huang, tētahi atu kaihoahoa tukatuka iti, me ngā kaimahi maha mai i AT&T Bell Labs. I tīmata rātou ki te mōhio ki tētahi tukanga CMOS hou i te tau 1978, ā, i hangaia he tukatuka iti 32-moka mai i te tīmatanga.
Tīmata ki te hoahoa hoahoa
He Hoa IEEE o mua a Condrey, ā, i muri mai ka noho ko ia te Āpiha Hangarau Matua o Intel. I whakapau kaha te tīma hoahoa i arahina e ia ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha e tautoko ana i te pūnaha whakahaere Unix me te reo C. I taua wā, kei te tīmatanga tonu te Unix me te reo C, engari i whakaritea kia kaha ake. Hei pakaru i te rohe mahara tino nui o ngā kilobytes (KB) i taua wā, i whakauruhia e rātou he huinga tohutohu uaua e hiahia ana ki ngā mahi whakahaere iti ake, ā, ka taea te whakaoti i ngā mahi i roto i te huringa karaka kotahi.
I hangaia hoki e ngā miihini ngā maramara e tautoko ana i te pahi whakarara VersaModule Eurocard (VME), e āhei ai te rorohiko tohatoha me te tuku i ngā pūnga maha ki te tukatuka raraunga i te whakarara. Mā ngā maramara hototahi-VME ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō te whakahaere wā-tūturu.
I tuhia e te tīma tā rātou ake putanga o Unix, ā, i hoatu ki a ia ngā āheinga wā-tūturu hei whakarite i te hototahitanga ki te aunoatanga ahumahi me ngā tono rite. I hangaia hoki e ngā miihini o Bell Labs te arorau domino, i whakanui ake i te tere tukatuka mā te whakaiti i ngā whakaroa i roto i ngā kēti arorau uaua.
I whakawhanakehia, i whakaurua hoki ētahi atu tikanga whakamātautau me te manatoko me te waeine Bellmac-32, he kaupapa manatoko me te whakamātautau maha-maramara matatini i arahina e Jen-Hsun Huang i tutuki ai te kore, te tata rānei ki te kore he hapa i roto i te hanga maramara matatini. Koinei te tuatahi i roto i te ao o te whakamātautau ara iahiko whakauru nui (VLSI). I whakawhanakehia e ngā miihini o Bell Labs he mahere pūnaha, i tirotirohia tonutia te mahi a ō rātou hoa mahi, ā, i te mutunga i tutuki ai te mahi tahi pai puta noa i ngā whānau maramara maha, ā, i mutu ai ki te pūnaha rorohiko moroiti katoa.
Ko te wāhanga tino uaua tēnei e whai ake nei: te hanga tuturu o te maramara.
"I taua wā, he tino onge ngā hangarau tahora, whakamātautau, me te hanga hua nui," te mahara a Kang, i muri mai ka noho hei perehitini o te Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) me te hoa o te IEEE. E kī ana ia nā te kore o ngā taputapu CAD mō te manatoko maramara-katoa i akiaki te tīma ki te tā i ngā tuhi Calcomp nunui rawa atu. E whakaatu ana ēnei hoahoa me pēhea te whakarite i ngā transistors, ngā waea, me ngā hononga i roto i te maramara kia puta ai te putanga e hiahiatia ana. I huihuia e te tīma ki runga i te papa me te rīpene, ka hanga he tuhi tapawhā nui neke atu i te 6 mita i te taha. I tuhi ā-ringa a Kang me āna hoa mahi i ia ara iahiko ki ngā pene tae, e rapu ana i ngā hononga whati me ngā hononga taupatupatu, ngā hononga kāore i te tika te whakahaere.
I te otinga o te hoahoa ā-tinana, ka tūtaki te tīma ki tētahi atu wero: te hanga. I hangaia ngā maramara i te wheketere Western Electric i Allentown, Pennsylvania, engari e mahara ana a Kang he tino iti te reiti hua (te ōrau o ngā maramara i runga i te wafer i tutuki i ngā paerewa mahi me te kounga).
Hei whakatika i tēnei, i ia rā, i haere a Kang rātou ko āna hoa mahi ki te wheketere mai i New Jersey, i pōkaikaha ō rātou ringaringa, ā, i mahi i ngā mea katoa e tika ana, tae atu ki te tahi i ngā papa me te whakarite i ngā taputapu whakamātautau, hei hanga whanaungatanga me te whakatenatena i te katoa ka taea te hanga i te hua tino uaua rawa atu i ngana te wheketere ki te whakaputa i reira.
"I pai te haere o te tukanga hanga tīma," te kī a Kang. "I muri i ētahi marama, ka taea e Western Electric te whakaputa maramara kounga teitei i roto i ngā rahinga i nui ake i te hiahia."
I tukuna te putanga tuatahi o te Bellmac-32 i te tau 1980, engari kāore i tutuki i ngā tumanakohanga. Ko tōna auau whāinga mahi he 2 MHz anake, ehara i te 4 MHz. I kitea e ngā kaihangarau he hapa ngā taputapu whakamātautau hou o Takeda Riken i whakamahia e rātou i taua wā, ā, nā ngā pānga raina tuku i waenga i te pūwero me te pane whakamātautau i puta ai ngā inenga hē. I mahi tahi rātou me te tīma Takeda Riken ki te whakawhanake i tētahi ripanga whakatika hei whakatika i ngā hapa inenga.
Ko ngā tere karaka o ngā maramara Bellmac o te whakatipuranga tuarua he nui ake i te 6.2 MHz, i ētahi wā he teitei ki te 9 MHz. I kiia tēnei he tino tere i taua wā. Ko te tere karaka o te tukatuka Intel 8088 16-moka i tukuna e IBM i roto i tana PC tuatahi i te tau 1981 he 4.77 MHz anake.
He aha i kore ai a Bellmac-32 e'kaua e noho hei kaupapa matua
Ahakoa tōna oati, kāore i whānui te whakamahi arumoni i te hangarau Bellmac-32. E ai ki a Condrey, i tīmata a AT&T ki te titiro ki te kaihanga taputapu NCR i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ā, i muri mai ka tahuri ki te hoko, ko te tikanga i whiriwhiria e te kamupene te tautoko i ngā momo hua maramara rerekē. I taua wā, kua tīmata te tipu o te awe o Bellmac-32.
"I mua i te Bellmac-32, i te mākete te NMOS," te kī a Condry. "Engari i whakarerekē te CMOS i te āhua nā te mea he huarahi whai hua ake tēnei ki te whakatinana i roto i te kamupene hanga."
I roto i te wā, ka huri te āhua o te umanga haurua-irahiko nā tēnei kitenga. Ka noho ko te CMOS te pūtake mō ngā tukatuka moroiti hou, ka whakakaha i te huringa mamati i roto i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā rorohiko papamahi me ngā waea atamai.
Ko te whakamātautau maia a Bell Labs—mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga hanga kāore anō kia whakamatautauria, ā, e kapi ana i tētahi whakatipuranga katoa o te hoahoa maramara—he tohu nui i roto i te hītori o te hangarau.
E ai ki te kōrero a Ahorangi Kang: "I mua mātou i ngā mea ka taea. Kāore mātou i te whai noa i tētahi ara o mua, engari i te whakatakoto i tētahi ara hou." E kī ana a Ahorangi Huang, i muri mai ka noho hei kaiwhakahaere tuarua o te Singapore Institute of Microelectronics, ā, he Hoa IEEE anō hoki ia: "I uru atu ki tēnei ehara i te mea ko te hoahoa me te hoahoa maramara anake, engari ko te manatoko maramara nui hoki - mā te whakamahi i te CAD engari kāore he taputapu whakaata matihiko o ēnei rā, he papa taro rānei (he huarahi paerewa mō te tirotiro i te hoahoa ara iahiko o tētahi pūnaha hiko mā te whakamahi i ngā maramara i mua i te hononga tuturu o ngā wāhanga ara iahiko)."
Ka titiro whakamuri a Condry, a Kang, rāua ko Huang ki taua wā me te aroha, me te whakapuaki i te mihi ki te pūkenga me te whakapau kaha o ngā kaimahi AT&T tokomaha, nā rātou i taea ai te whānau maramara Bellmac-32.
Wā tuku: Mei-19-2025